Express, implied, and everyday consent

Consent can be given in different ways. Sometimes a person says clearly that they agree; sometimes their actions show agreement. In pharmacy practice both forms occur, but implied consent must reflect what the person has actually understood and agreed to.

Express consent

Express consent is given clearly, either verbally or in writing. In pharmacy this can include agreeing to a vaccination, saying yes to a point-of-care test, or signing or confirming an electronic service record.

Implied consent

Implied consent is shown by actions rather than words. For example, a person may hold out their arm for a blood pressure check after the procedure has been explained. Implied consent only applies when the person understands what will happen.

Why this matters in pharmacy

• Do not assume too much: agreement to one step does not automatically cover another step, test, or service.
• Use clearer consent for more significant care: the more invasive, personal, or higher-risk the intervention, the stronger the case for express consent.
• Keep the person involved: brief questions such as "Is that OK?" or "Are you happy for me to do that now?" make consent explicit and respectful.
• Remember communication needs: a nod, gesture, or action only counts if the person has had a chance to understand what is proposed.

Implied consent can support simple everyday care, but it is not a shortcut. If there is any doubt, ask and get express consent.