Exam Pass Notes

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A Simple 5-Step Memory Aid

• Recognise collapse early
• Call 999 on speaker
• Start CPR without delay
• Get and use the AED
• Hand over, debrief, and learn

Core Response

• An unresponsive person with abnormal breathing should be treated as a cardiac arrest unless another clear explanation is present.
• Resuscitation Council UK 2025 guidance advises calling 999 for any unresponsive person and assessing breathing while the call is being answered.
• If there is any real doubt, begin CPR and follow the AED response pathway.
• In a pharmacy, assign roles early where possible: caller, compressor, AED runner, space clearer, and ambulance guide.

CPR and AED

• Chest compressions: 100 to 120 per minute, 5 to 6 cm deep, allow full recoil, and keep interruptions to a minimum.
• Rescue breaths: use a 30:2 ratio if trained and able; otherwise continue compressions and follow 999 guidance.
• AED use: attach the device as soon as it arrives, follow the prompts, and resume compressions immediately after a shock or after a no-shock prompt.
• Do not wait for confidence: delay is usually more harmful than acting imperfectly.

Chest Pain and Aftercare

• Heart attack, angina, and cardiac arrest are distinct conditions that can present together.
• Severe or worsening chest pain with sweating, pallor, or breathlessness should prompt an early 999 call and close observation.
• If the person becomes unresponsive and is not breathing normally, switch immediately to the cardiac arrest response.
• After the event, hand over clearly to emergency services, record facts, restock equipment, debrief fairly, and offer support to involved staff.