Cultural Context

FGM persists in some communities because of long-established cultural beliefs and social pressure. Pharmacy professionals who recognise these drivers can communicate more effectively and sensitively when they identify possible FGM concerns. ^[1]

Cultural Drivers and Beliefs

Communities practising FGM commonly associate it with purity, modesty, femininity, suitability for marriage and maintaining family honour. It is often presented as a rite of passage. Harmful myths claim FGM improves hygiene, fertility or sexual morality, despite evidence of serious physical and psychological harm and no health benefits. ^[2]

Misunderstanding about religion also helps to sustain FGM in some groups. ^[3]

However, no major religious texts or doctrines endorse FGM. ^[3]

Pharmacy professionals should accept that cultural explanations are common, but clarify that religious justification is incorrect. Calm, factual communication can correct misunderstandings and support safeguarding. ^[3]

Culturally Competent Communication

Pharmacy teams should begin FGM-related conversations with empathy and straightforward language. When raising safeguarding concerns or responding to disclosures, professionals must:

• Explain their safeguarding duties plainly and respectfully. ^[4]
• Use non-judgemental language that focuses on medical, psychological and safeguarding issues without blaming the patient or family. ^[4]
• Use trained interpreters rather than family members to ensure accurate, confidential and impartial communication. ^[4]

Cultural competence helps build trust and supports patient-centred safeguarding outcomes. ^[4]

Community Engagement

Use culturally adapted materials and work with trusted community advocates or health workers experienced in addressing FGM. Collaboration clarifies safeguarding messages and supports change away from harmful practices. ^[5]